EAP 140 PM - WANG, Lingshan - Week 8 3/4

How to choose to use adjectives and adverbs.
We should use adjectives to modify nouns.
e.g.
adj. The girl looked lucky.
adv. The girl looked luckily on her performance.
I think he is an honestly student.（wrong）
I think he is an honest student.（right）
She is a beautifully girl.(wrong)
She is a beautiful girl.(right)
He always thinks he is an unfortunately boy.(wrong)
He always thinks he is an unfortunate boy.（right）
We should use adverbs to modify verbs，adjectives and other adverbs.

e.g.
Lucky, I passed the kill exam in last Friday.（wrong）
Luckily，I passed the kill exam in last Friday.（right）
She looks dream when she dancing. (wrong）
She looks dreamily when she dancing. (right)

EAP 140 PM - WANG, Lingshan - Week 8 2/4

We should move awkwardly placed modifiers.

e.g. Beijing, after 1949, became Chinese capital.(wrong)

     After 1949， Beijing become Chinese capital.(right)

We ought to avoid split infinitives when they are awkward.

e.g. Students in this class study hardly to design clothes.(wrong)

     Students in this class study to design clothes hardly.(right)

We need to repair dangling modifiers.

e.g. We need to manage our time, learning is short.(wrong)

     We need to manage our time, the time of leaning is short.(right)

Two ways to revise our sentences:

1) Name the actor of the subject of the sentence.

2) Name the actor of the modifier. 

EAP 140 PM - WANG, Lingshan - Week 8 1/4

We should repaired misplaced and dangling modifiers.
We should put limiting modifiers in front of the words which they modify.
e.g. I only want one student leave my class.(wrong)
     I want only one student leave my class.(right)
     When my father coming back home, I almost done everything.(wrong)
     When my father coming back home, I done almost everything.(right)
     I have a yellow big ball.(wrong)
     I have a big yellow ball.(right)
     I only have one cell phone.(wrong)
     I have only one cell phone.(right)
     This is the most biggest and sweetest apple on the table.(right)

EAP 140 PM - WANG, Lingshan - Week 7 4/4

Review Parts of Speech（Verb）
The expressions of the verb in a sentence are action or being.
action: make  take walk run sing
being: is become are was were
There are two types of verb, one of them is helping verbs, another is main verbs.
e.g. I bought a cell phone yesterday.
     Bought is a main verb here.
     I make a big mistake in my presentation.
     Make is a main verb here.
     I think he is not a doctor.
     Think is a main verb here; is a helping verb here.
     I have been done my homework.
     Have is a helping verb here; been is a helping verb; done is a main verb here.

EAP 140 PM - WANG, Lingshan - Week 7 3/4

Review the 22nd Section
We need to make pronouns and antecedents agree.
e.g. Lisa lost her bag.
     Lisa and her are antecedents and pronouns, they should be agreed.
We can't use plural pronouns to refer to singular antecedents.
e.g. Everyone in this class must follow the rule which they have.(wrong)
     Everyone in this class must follow the rule which he or she has.(right)
     Students in this class must follow the rule which they have.(right)
We should treat collective nouns as singular unless the meaning is clearly plural.
e.g. The animal think they will die.
We should treat most compound antecedents joined with and as plural.
e.g. Lisa and Lily are best friends.
     Lisa and Lily had their own brand in 1997.

EAP 140 PM - WANG, Lingshan - Week 7 2/4

We should add the article(a,an,and the) in where is necessary for grammatical completeness. 

e.g. I bought a book and CD yesterday. (wrong)

     I bought a book and a CD yesterday. (right)

     I need book which on the table. (wrong)

     I need the book which on the table. (right)

Although and but can't appear in one sentence at same time.

e.g. Although I finish my homework, but I can't play video game. (wrong)

     Although I finish my homework, I can't play video game. (right)

If and so can't appear in one sentence at same time.

e.g. If Marry gets highest score in this exam, so she will get scholarship for this year. (wrong)

     If Marry gets highest score in this exam, she will get scholarship for this year. (right) 

We should let the subject and the predicate make sense together.\

e.g. The scholarship is a prize for the students which are hard-working. (wrong)

     Scholarship is a prize for the students which are hard-working. (right)

EAP 140 PM - WANG, Lingshan - Week 7 1/4

We can't omit words which are necessary for grammatical or logical completeness.
To complete compound structures, we should add needed word.
e.g. I like a boy who wear black T-shirt.
    Here who is needed word.
We need to add the word that when there is some danger of misreading without it.
e.g. The fact that he doesn't like to talk with others.
    We should add that here.
     I think that he doesn't like to talk with others.
     I think he doesn't like to talk with others.
    We can choose don't put that in this sentence.
If we want to make comparisons logical and complete, we must add words needed.
e.g. I like to play video game and apple.(wrong)
     I like to play video game and eat apple.(right)

EAP 140 PM - WANG, Lingshan - Week 6 4/4

We should make pronouns and antecedents agree.  A word which subtitutes for a noun is a pronoun.  Many pronouns have antecedents, nouns and pronouns that they refer. A pronoun and its antecedent should agree, they should be both singular or plural.

e.g.

singular：Sam didn't finish his homework yesterday.

  Sam and his → same （singular） 

plural：The students in this school always try their best.

  students and their → same (plural)

We can't use plural pronouns to refer to singular antecedents.

Indefinite pronouns

e.g.Everybody want to do his or her best in this quiz.

    Here can't be their.

Generic nouns

e.g.A student cannot cheat on their test.

    A student should be students.

EAP 140 PM - WANG, Lingshan - Week 6 3/4

We should make subjects and verbs agree.
Verbs should agree with their subjects in number and in person. Number means singular or plural, person means first,second or third and so on. For example, I do,you do, we do,they do, he does, she does.
e.g. In present tense form,
I hate you.
We hate you.
He hates you.
They hate you.
A subject has over two parts is said to be compound.  If we use and connect parts,the subjects are nearly always plural.
e.g. Cat and dog are our friends.
     Katy and I always do our homework together.
   

EAP 140 PM - WANG, Lingshan - Week 6 2/4

We often put subject before the verb, but sometime we put subject after verb. This situation almost happened in the function There are or There is. 

e.g. 1) There are some apples in the table.

In this sentence, apple is a simple subject.

     2) Peaceful is the countryside where in the north of Canada. 

In this sentence, peaceful is a adjective which cannot be a subject. So we can turn this sentence around first.

        The countryside where in the north of Canada is peaceful.

We can find the subject easily, it is countryside as a simple subject.

       All the test books on the table are useless.

       Useless is all the test books which on the table. 

EAP 140 PM - WANG, Lingshan - Week 6 1/4

   When we want to join independent clauses with coordinating conjunction, we should put comma before coordinating conjunction.
   e.g.  We are too young to solve this problem, and we don't know who we can trust.
   We should use comma after an introductory clause or pharse
   e.g.  When I go to school, my mom stays at home and does some housework.
   We should put a comma between all terms in a series.
   e.g.  He is a talent who is good at everything, including math, language, and music.
   For the biological cause, there is a material in some addicted people called “dopamine”.

Their parents like to use drugs or drink, they have bad gene.

EAP 140 PM - WANG, Lingshan - Week 5 4/4

Verbs have two voice to use, one of them is active verb，the other one is passive verb.  The subject is a person or something who lead to the action, the verb voice is active.  The subject is the receiver of action, the verb voice is passive. Generally, we have better use the active verbs rather than passive verbs except we have a very good reason to use the passive verbs.  The reason why we choose active voice is simpler, more direct and more effective.
e.g.
Active : He breaks a glass.
Passive: A glass is broken by him.
Passive sentence often use by to show people the actor.  If we don't show people who is the actor, sometimes our sentence will be unclear. Another important thing is passive verbs show less strength than active verb because some verb(form of verb be) don't make any sense of action.

EAP 140 PM - WANG, Lingshan - Week 5 3/4

We named an independent clause which in a sentence hasn't been joined in a right way is run-on sentence. An independent clause can't stand alone like a sentence because it is a word group. We must put two independent clauses which appear in one sentence together.  We can use one of these ways：(1)with a comma and a coordinating conjunction(and,but,yet,so,or,for,nor)(2)with a semicolon(or occasionally with a colon or a dash).  Run-on sentence have two types. One of them called a fused sentence, this means there are no mark of punctuation and no coordinating conjunction between independent clauses. The other one is comma splice,this means there are over two independent clauses joined with a comma, and don't have a coordinating conjunction. Sometimes the comma appears alone in some comma splices.

EAP 140 PM - WANG, Lingshan - Week 5 2/4

Most fragments can be repaired in two ways.  The first one is pull the fragment into a nearby sentence, the second one is rewrite the fragment as a complete sentence.  Attach fragmented subordinate clause or turn them into sentence.  A subordinate clause used as a sentence, both have subject and verb.  It's begins with a word that marks it as subordinate. Such as after, before, so that, until, while, although, even though, than, when, who, as, how, that, where, whom these words are commonly introduce subordinate clause.
The function of subordinate clauses is including a sentence as adjective, as adverb, or as nouns.  When a fragment clause cannot be attached to a nearby sentence or it will be awkward if we attach it, we can turn the clause into sentence. It is easy to do, just delete the opening word or words which is a subordinate mark.

EAP 140 PM - WANG, Lingshan - Week 5 1/4

A word group which pretends to be a sentence we call it a sentence fragment.  A word group want to be a sentence, it must consist a full independent clause(include a subject and a verb,stands alone or could stand alone.)
How to test a word group is a fragment or a complete sentence.
If a word group doesn't have a verb, it is a fragment. If it has a verb, we should see this word group has a subject or not.  If it has, it is a fragment. If it doesn't have,  we can see it merely a subordinate clause or not.  Yes is a fragment, No is a complete sentence.

EAP 140 PM - WANG, Lingshan - Week 4 4/4

There are four sentence purposes: declarative ,imperative ,interrogative, and exclamatory.  They play different roles in our writing.
When we write these sentences, we want to use declarative sentence to make our statements.  We use imperative sentence to require something.  Interrogative sentence can help us ask question.  Exclamatory sentence can make exclamations.

e.g.
Declarative sentence: I have some classes in this afternoon.
                      I don't like play computer games.
Imperative sentence: Love me,love my dog.
                     Leave me alone,please.
Interrogative sentence: Do you like listening music?
                        Did you see a girl who wear black shoes?
Exclamatory sentence: What a pity!
                      I will come back soon!

EAP 140 PM - WANG, Lingshan - Week 4 3/4

Sentences have four structures: simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex, the sentence's structure depends on the number and types of clauses it contains. 
Clauses also have two types: independent and subordinate.  Independent clauses have a subject and a predicate. They stand alone or can stand alone.  Subordinate clauses also have subject and predicate, but they function within sentences as adj., verb, or noun; they can't stand alone.
e.g.
simple sentence: His aim is to get high scores in this quiz.
compound sentence:Hurry up! You will be late!
complex sentence: He said that he was late for school yesterday.
compound-complex sentence: I ask him some simple questions, but he doesn't know.

EAP 140 PM - WANG, Lingshan - Week 4 2/4

1）A hyphen should be used to connect two words functioning together as an adjective before a noun.
2）A hyphen should be used with the prefix self-.
3）A hyphen should be used to connect two words functioning together as an adjective before a noun.
4）Hyphens should not be used to connect -ly adverbs to the words they modify.
Written forms of fractions are hyphenated.
5）The word which is the name of specific things should be capitalized .
6）Names of school subjects should not be capitalized unless they are names of languages, such as English. Names of particular courses can be capitalized.
7）Major words in the titles of works, including Web sites, should be capitalized.
8）Names of specific geographical places should be capitalized.
9）The word which is a common noun that should not be capitalized unless it is being used as the title preceding the name of a specific person.
11）The first word of the quoted sentence should be capitalized.
12）A title preceding the name of a specific person should be capitalized.
13）The first word of a quoted sentence should be capitalized.